the october coup

The October revolution was a blanquist coup d'etat. In what became known as the Kornilov affair, General Lavr Kornilov, who had been Commander-in-Chief since 18 July, with Kerensky's agreement directed an army under Aleksandr Krymov to march toward Petrograd to restore order. The term "Red October" (Красный Октябрь, Krasnyy Oktyabr) has been used to signify the October Revolution. For Russia, it was effectively the end of the war. By October 1917, Russia's national debt had risen to 50 billion rubles. 'The Mad Chauffeur' and the Liberal Dilemma, Rasputin and the Revolutionary Power of Rumours. The second coalition government was formed on 24 July, chaired by Alexander Kerensky.[14]. Lenin allegedly approved of the name, reporting that it "smells of revolution". There was a nationwide crisis affecting social, economic, and political relations. [citation needed], On 16 July, spontaneous demonstrations of workers and soldiers began in Petrograd, demanding that power be turned over to the soviets. "[43], The long-awaited Constituent Assembly elections were held on 12 November (O.S., 25 November, N.S.) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Miljan, Toivo. The peasant-dominated Left SR party was in coalition with the Bolsheviks. ; 6 November N.S. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Rumours of a 'counter-revolution' were strengthened when Kerensky foolishly announced his plans to transfer the bulk of the Petrograd garrison to the Northern Front. At Kronstadt, sailors announced their allegiance to the Bolshevik insurrection. [45] These were the beginnings of the Bolsheviks' consolidation of power over their political opponents. Within hours, the Provisional Government had been deposed and its members had either fled or been arrested. [53] Though both Western and Russian historians now have access to many of these archives, the effect of the dissolution of the USSR can be seen most clearly in the work of the latter. [54] According to Western historians, it was not popular support, but rather a manipulation of the masses, ruthlessness, and the party discipline of the Bolsheviks that enabled their triumph. ), a group of soldiers loyal to Kerensky's government marched on the printing house of the Bolshevik newspaper, Rabochiy put (Worker's Path), seizing and destroying printing equipment and thousands of newspapers. The Red Guard fought against cossacks at Tsarskoye Selo, with the cossacks breaking rank and fleeing, leaving their artillery behind. His impatience was political. The committee included armed workers, sailors, and soldiers, and assured the support or neutrality of the capital's garrison. Artillery had been freely used, with an estimated 700 casualties. What were the Lessons of the 1905 Revolution? This turned soldiers in Petrograd against Kerensky as being the Tsarist regime. The event is sometimes known as the "November Revolution", after the Soviet Union modernized its calendar. [59] In 2006, S. V. Iarov employed this methodology when he focused on citizen adjustment to the new Soviet system. The next day, the Mensheviks seized power in Georgia and declared it an independent republic; the Don Cossacks also claimed control of their government. With the Petrograd Soviet now in control of government, garrison, and proletariat, the Second All Russian Congress of Soviets held its opening session on the day, while Trotsky dismissed the opposing Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SR) from Congress. Mongol conquest • Vladimir-Suzdal [8] While the uprisings varied in severity, complete uprisings and seizures of the land were not uncommon. Sergei Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov's film October: Ten Days That Shook the World, first released on 20 January 1928 in the USSR and on 2 November 1928 in New York City, describes and glorifies the revolution, having been commissioned to commemorate the event. Start studying October Coup 1917. With Kornilov defeated, the Bolsheviks' popularity in the soviets grew significantly, both in the central and local areas. In this sense the Kornilov Affair was a dress rehearsal for the Bolshevik seizure of power. [47] In Estonia, two rival governments emerged: the Estonian Provincial Assembly, established in April 1917, proclaimed itself the supreme legal authority of Estonia on 28 November 1917 and issued the Declaration of Independence on 24 February 1918;[48] but Soviet Russia recognized the Executive Committee of the Soviets of Estonia as the legal authority in the province, although the Soviets in Estonia controlled only the capital and a few other major towns. Some of the revolutionaries entered the palace at 10:25 p.m. and there was a mass entry 3 hours later. That same day, posters were pinned on walls and fences by the right-wing Socialist Revolutionaries, describing the takeover as a "crime against the motherland" and "revolution"; this signaled the next wave of anti-Bolshevik sentiment. The Symphony No. "The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917. Book Review: October Coup: A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad. [66] Thus, Stalinist totalitarianism developed as a natural progression from Leninism and the Bolshevik party's tactics and organization. Bu… The Red Guards systematically captured major government facilities, key communication installations, and vantage points with little opposition. [67], The dissolution of the Soviet Union affected historical interpretations of the October Revolution. According to Deutsche Welle: On November 7, 1917, a coup d'état went down in history as the October Revolution. Why Peasants Were Against the 'Wager on the Strong'? This Military coup which lasted only for 24 hours is what is known as the “Great October Revolution”. The October Revolution also made the ideology of communism influential on a global scale in the 20th century. Disguised in a wig, he left his hiding place and made his way to the Smolny Institute to order the uprising to begin. The mass demonstrations resulted in a crisis for the Provisional Government. Even at this point, late in the evening of the 24th, there were still no plans for the overthrow of the Provisional Government. Talk: The October Coup. The October Wiki Coup, alternatively known as the October 12th Raid, Ont Coup, Ontario Coup and by other common names, was a series of raids conducted by Ontario_Mapping on the Scratch Mapping Community Wiki as a joke, changing the background, wordmark and name to "ONT COUP ONT COUP ONT COUP" with the image being Ontario's userball with a troll face over it. Add topic. Prior to the October I, 1965 coup attempt, the leaders of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) controlled the largest Communist organization in any non-Communist state. Since 1991, increasing access to large amounts of Soviet archival materials has made it possible to re‑examine the October Revolution. [60] In 2010, O. S. Nagornaia took interest in the personal experiences of Russian prisoners-of-war taken by Germany, examining Russian soldiers and officers' ability to cooperate and implement varying degrees of autocracy despite being divided by class, political views, and race. Workers established control over production and distribution in many factories and plants in a social revolution. "The Emergence of Estonian Independence 1917-1920." The February Revolution had toppled Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and replaced his government with the Russian Provisional Government. As the Revolution was not universally recognized, the country descended into civil war, which would last until 1923 and ultimately lead to the creation of the Soviet Union in late 1922. Grandiose paintings depicting the "Women's Battalion" and photo stills taken from Sergei Eisenstein's staged film depicting the "politically correct" version of the October events in Petrograd came to be taken as truth.[35]. [10], Soldiers' wives were key players in the unrest in the villages. In contrast to their majority in the Soviets, the Bolsheviks only won 175 seats in the 715-seat legislative body, coming in second behind the Socialist Revolutionary Party, which won 370 seats, although the SR Party no longer existed as a whole party by that time, as the Left SRs had gone into coalition with the Bolsheviks from October 1917 to March 1918 (a cause of dispute of the legitimacy of the returned seating of the Constituent Assembly, as the old lists, were drawn up by the old SR Party leadership, and thus represented mostly Right SRs, whereas the peasant soviet deputies had returned majorities for the pro-Bolshevik Left SRs). In the early morning, from its heavily guarded and picketed headquarters in Smolny Palace, the Military-Revolutionary Committee designated the last of the locations to be assaulted or seized. ; 7 November, N.S. [15] Details remain sketchy, but Kerensky appeared to become frightened by the possibility that the army would stage a coup, and reversed the order. The Master's Voice 07:36, October 3, 2011 (UTC) All of them. The Provisional Government opened an offensive against the Central Powers on 1 July, which soon collapsed. Back to page. The Second Congress of Soviets consisted of 670 elected delegates: 300 were Bolshevik and nearly 100 were Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who also supported the overthrow of the Alexander Kerensky government. 1917. [9] When the Provisional Government sent punitive detachments, it only enraged the peasants. The event caught world attention and resulted in massive amounts of police movement early in the morning. [61] Other analyses following this "anthropological turn" have explored texts from soldiers and how they used personal war-experiences to further their political goals,[62] as well as how individual life-structure and psychology may have shaped major decisions in the civil war that followed the revolution. A coup d'état in the capital of Montenegro, Podgorica, was allegedly planned and prepared for 16 October 2016, the day of the parliamentary election, according to Montenegro's special prosecutor. The editors and contributors of these newspapers were seen to be calling for insurrection and were to be prosecuted on criminal charges. For example, the Ukrainian Rada, which had declared autonomy on 23 June 1917, created the Ukrainian People's Republic on 20 November, which was supported by the Ukrainian Congress of Soviets. Upon police intervention, protesters responded with "rakes, sticks, rocks, and fists. In an attempt to intervene in the civil war after the Bolsheviks' separate peace with the Central Powers, the Allied Powers (the United Kingdom, France, Italy, the United States, and Japan) occupied parts of the Soviet Union for over two years before finally withdrawing. The Kornilov Affair reinforced the popular belief in a 'counter-revolutionary' threat against the Soviet - a threat the Bolsheviks would invoke to mobilize the Red Guards and other militants in October. On 25 October (O.S. Kerensky was able to evade the pickets going up around the palace and to drive to meet approaching soldiers. Reed died in 1920, shortly after the book was finished. The power struggle reached its ), the government ventured to eliminate hierarchy in the army, removing all titles, ranks, and uniform decorations. You will find some answers to these questions in this section, which contains extracts from my books, photographs and videos, and a reading list. Workers saw these rich and powerful individuals as opponents of the Revolution, and called them "bourgeois", "capitalist", and "imperialist". It concerns the notion of class struggle. Workers and soldiers occupied the last of the telegraph stations, cutting off the cabinet's communications with loyal military forces outside the city. Economic Growth and Living Standards During the 1930s, Living Standards in the First Five Year Plan, Living Standards in the Second Five Year Plan. On 31 October 1917 (13 November, N.S), the Bolsheviks gained control of Moscow after a week of bitter street-fighting. On the morning of the insurrection, Kerensky desperately searched for a means of reaching military forces he hoped would be friendly to the Provisional Government outside the city and ultimately borrowed a Renault car from the American embassy, which he drove from the Winter Palace, along with a Pierce Arrow. 1917. In response to a Bolshevik appeal, Moscow's working class began a protest strike of 400,000 workers. The Bolsheviks viewed themselves as representing an alliance of workers and peasants signified by the Hammer and Sickle on the flag and the coat of arms of the Soviet Union. At 8:00 p.m., 200 cossacks left the palace and returned to their barracks.[23]. Find the perfect october coup stock photo. It continued to wage World War I, which became increasingly unpopular. The Central Committee ignored Lenin's instructions. [25], Later stories of the heroic "Storming of the Winter Palace" and "defense of the Winter Palace" were propaganda by Bolshevik publicists. ), the Cheka was created by Lenin's decree. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. [6], In September and October 1917, there were mass strike actions by the Moscow and Petrograd workers, miners in the Donbas, metalworkers in the Urals, oil workers in Baku, textile workers in the Central Industrial Region, and railroad workers on 44 railway lines. At approximately 5 p.m. the Military-Revolutionary Committee seized the Central Telegraph of Petrograd, giving the Bolsheviks control over communications through the city.[23][24]. On 17 July, over 500,000 people participated in what was intended to be a peaceful demonstration in Petrograd, the so-called July Days. Lenin bombarded the Central Committee with a barrage of impatient letters, urging them to start an armed insurrection at once - before the Soviet Congress. Conditions for organizing the tournament. [50] The United States did not recognize the new Russian government until 1933. [22][32][33] The historical reenactment titled The Storming of the Winter Palace was staged in 1920. What followed was a series of sporadic clashes over control of the bridges, between Red Guard militias aligned with the Military-Revolutionary Committee and military units still loyal to the government. It reinforced Lenin's conviction that the 'proletariat' needed to engage in a civil war against the … [37] When the fall of the Winter Palace was announced, the Congress adopted a decree transferring power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, thus ratifying the Revolution. The Coup ist ein US-amerikanisches Hip-Hop-Duo aus Oakland, Kalifornien, bestehend aus dem Rapper Raymond Boots Riley und bis zu ihrem Tod am 22. At first, the event was referred to as the "October Coup" (Октябрьский переворот) or the "Uprising of the 3rd," as seen in contemporary documents (for example, in the first editions of Lenin's complete works). Bolshevik Red Guards forces under the Military-Revolutionary Committee began the occupation of government buildings on 25 October (O.S. He won a vote in the Central Committee. [55], Although Soviet historiography of the October Revolution stayed relatively constant until 1991, it did undergo some changes. For these historians, the Bolsheviks' defeat in the Constituent Assembly elections of November–December 1917 demonstrated popular opposition to the Bolsheviks' revolution, as did the scale and breadth of the Civil War. [23], As Kerensky left Petrograd, Lenin wrote a proclamation To the Citizens of Russia, stating that the Provisional Government had been overthrown by the Military-Revolutionary Committee. Kaiser Wilhelm II had spent around half a billion euros ($582 million) in today's money to weaken his wartime enemy. [23], In response, at 9 a.m. the Bolshevik Military-Revolutionary Committee issued a statement denouncing the government's actions. … And so, the October coup set the precedent for the continuing use of coercion by the Party through all the stages required to construct socialism. Who Was Stolypin and What Did He Stand For? Wages were fixed at higher rates than during the war, and a shorter, Wade, Rex A. The October Revolution,[a][b] also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution, as the official term in the Soviet Union, the Bolshevik Coup, the Bolshevik Revolution,[2] the October Uprising, the October Coup or Red October, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923. [citation needed] Dybenko in his memoirs mentioned this event as "several shots in the air". In the evening of October 25th, Bolshevik Red Guards moved on government positions around the city of Petrograd. Lenin's intervention was decisive. The October Cup or October League is a one-time football tournament in Egypt that was held in 1974 instead of the canceled General League Championship as a result of the October War and also because of Egypt hosting the African Nations Cup 1974. During Soviet times revolution day was made a national holiday, marking its importance in the country's founding story. Communist parties would start to form in many countries after 1917. It was the precipi… 1918 by the Bolsheviks. [17] The Bolsheviks' influence over railroad and telegraph workers also proved vital in stopping the movement of troops. At 10 a.m., Bolshevik-aligned soldiers successfully retook the Rabochiy put printing house. Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and Socialist Revolutionaries confronted the army and convinced them to stand down. If the transfer of power took place by a vote of the Congress, the result would almost certainly be a coalition government made up of all the Soviet parties. The interim government was toppled, the Soviets seized power, and Russia later terminated the Triple Entente military alliance with France and Britain. It was the second revolutionary change of government in Russia in 1917. Kerensky responded at approximately 3 p.m. that afternoon by ordering the raising of all but one of Petrograd's bridges, a tactic used by the government several months earlier during the July Days. October Coup book. ), the Bolsheviks' Central Committee voted 10–2 for a resolution saying that "an armed uprising is inevitable, and that the time for it is fully ripe. These are disputed by various sources, such as Louise Bryant,[31] who claims that news outlets in the West at the time reported that the unfortunate loss of life occurred in Moscow, not Petrograd, and the number was much less than suggested above. Iarov explored the dwindling labor protests, evolving forms of debate, and varying forms of politicization as a result of the new Soviet rule from 1917 to 1920. ), the Petrograd Soviet, led by Trotsky, voted to back a military uprising. [18], On 10 October 1917 (O.S. On its first and only day in session, the Constituent Assembly came into conflict with the Soviets, and it rejected Soviet decrees on peace and land, resulting in the Constituent Assembly being dissolved the next day by order of the Congress of Soviets. October Coup: A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad (English Edition) eBook: Hyder, Mohammed: Amazon.de: Kindle-Shop Wählen Sie Ihre Cookie-Einstellungen Wir verwenden Cookies und ähnliche Tools, um Ihr Einkaufserlebnis zu verbessern, um unsere Dienste anzubieten, um zu verstehen, wie die Kunden unsere Dienste nutzen, damit wir Verbesserungen vornehmen können, und um Werbung … ", This page was last edited on 9 February 2021, at 19:49. 2 in B major, Op. 'If we "wait" for the Congress of Soviets', Lenin wrote on 29 September, 'we shall ruin the revolution.' How Many People Took Part in the October Insurrection? [39] The cabinet quickly passed the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land. On 31 August, the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies—and, on 5 September, the Moscow Soviet Workers Deputies—adopted the Bolshevik resolutions on the question of power. It is 1948. In the autumn, as much as 50% of all enterprises in the Urals, the Donbas, and other industrial centers were closed down, leading to mass unemployment. Perhaps the most important such message or warning or “lesson” is also the most obvious, and therefore the most easily overlooked. With few troops to spare at the front, Kerensky turned to the Petrograd Soviet for help. The Attempted Coup of October 1, 1965 and the Countercoup Which Followed. Seine Musik weist häufig Funk-Einflüsse auf, Rileys Songinhalte sind dem politischen Rap zuordenbar. [6], By October 1917, peasant uprisings were common. Recognizing that these dissidents could cause problems for their Russian enemies, the German government agreed to permit 32 Russian citizens, among them Lenin and his wife, to travel in a sealed train carriage through their territory. [26] At 6:15 p.m., a large group of artillery cadets abandoned the palace, taking their artillery with them. On 21 October 1993, a coup was attempted in Burundi by a Tutsi–dominated Army faction, led by Chief of Staff Lt. Col. Jean Bikomagu, ex-President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, and former interior minister François Ngeze. The October Revolution followed and capitalized on the February Revolution earlier in the year. But the delay fuelled suspicions that the Congress would not be allowed to meet at all. It resolved to wait until the Second All-Russian Soviet Congress, due to convene on 20 October, for the transfer of power to Soviets. 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In this view, the Bolshevik party took the leading role in organizing these alienated industrial workers, and thereby established the construction of the first socialist state. 1917. During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils (soviets) wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions. Throughout June, July, and August 1917, it was common to hear working-class Russians speak about their lack of confidence in the Provisional Government. October 1917 (November, New Style), by contrast, was a classic coup d’état carried out by a small group of conspirators. The February Revolution had overthrown the Tsarist autocracy, resulting in a provisional government. The historiography of the event has varied. Was the October Revolution a coup d’etat or a popular uprising? The choral finale of the work, "To October", is set to a text by Alexander Bezymensky, which praises Lenin and the revolution. It took place through an armed insurrection in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) on 25 October (Old Style, O.S. [citation needed], Historical research into few events has been as influenced by the researcher's political outlook as that of the October Revolution. A meeting of the Central Committee on 16 October was told by the Bolshevik Military Organization and other activists that the soldiers and workers of Petrograd would not come out on the Party's call alone and 'would have to be stung by something, such as the break-up of the garrison, to support an uprising.'. This reenactment, watched by 100,000 spectators, provided the model for official films made later, which showed fierce fighting during the storming of the Winter Palace,[34] although, in reality, the Bolshevik insurgents had faced little opposition. [65], Western historians saw the organization of the Bolshevik party as proto-totalitarian. The only member who was not arrested was Kerensky himself, who had already left the palace.[23][29]. A newly-independent India is trying to persuade Hyderabad to join the Indian Union. While the cabinet of the provisional government within the palace debated what action to take, the Bolsheviks issued an ultimatum to surrender. The historian Orlando Figes concurs in his latest popular work A people's tragedy wherein he describes the seizing of power as a coup, orchestrated by Lenin and … However, there was continued support for Kerensky in some of the provinces. The Executive Committee of Peasants Soviets "[refuted] with indignation all participation of the organized peasantry in this criminal violation of the will of the working class".

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