cato manor massacre 1960

Among the ANC activists with whom Buthelezi mingled at the Arenstein house were Nelson Mandela andWalter Various riots took place there – the newspapers were full of it. It was a mere eight days after the Sharpville Massacre. The Sharpeville massacre of 21 March 1960 - the 50 th anniversary of which was commemorated in the past week - brought notoriety to the National Party government of premier Hendrik Verwoerd and elevated the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) to the status of a major anti-apartheid resistance movement overnight.. Sometimes you are in a “catch-22” situation. Reading through my old school’s anniversary edition, 1953 – 1978, I came across the Afrikaner’s struggle for Afrikaans schools in Durban. They said one could pick up money off the floor.”. South Africa celebrates Human Rights Day on March 21 in remembrance of the Sharpeville massacre of 1960. The police attempted to escape after … The incident happened after a raid by police searching for illicit liquor. The Sharpeville shooting was thus not the only incident of its kind. Unfortunately blame sometimes lay with the police because they are in the first place humans, secondary they are the primary executive organ of the state and they are perceived as the enforcers of “bad laws”. My father had pointed out the palatial Indian office and residency to me, in the Mayville police area. It was also intended as a reward for his years of personal dedication to community service and recognition as Durban’s first Mayor in 1865.” [. Ngidi’s research on the incident, for his PhD, has seen him following leads to elderly people who witnessed those times as children. This film came out in 2005 and I remember seeing it in the theaters because I … Africa: 1882-1964, Vol.4. This riot shocked South Africa! On the other hand Cato Manor was a tough place – the Zulu were, like the Afrikaner, good fighters. Massacre of Police at Cato Manor - 24 January 1960 Nine policemen died a horrible death at Cato Manor on 24 January 1960. It is just here were a problem arose between the police – enforcers of an unsympathetic law and the brewers who ran their own shebeens and sold liquor to survive. challenged police claims that fewer than 11 people were killed. However, the meeting did The Arensteins had two children and lived 1960 24 January, nine policemen were killed by an angry mob at Cato Manor in Durban. One by one, the policemen leapt through doors and windows. Tyson quotes Laurie Bloomfield who described the events as follows [16]: The policeman in charge – not very senior, but an officer with a fine reputation by the name of Van der Merwe[17]  – came over to me and said that he and his men were about to make the first baton charge of their lives. agreed and told him to arrange such a meeting. The police were nervous after reports of a mob killing of 9 police officers in Cato Manor two months before. Both his parents, my grandparents, were victims of the British Concentration Camp policy. Although Nasser offered full economic compensation for the Company, the British and French Governments, long suspicious of Nasser’s opposition to the continuation of their political influence in the region, were outraged by the nationalization. Found inside – Page 2390Only a few weeks before, 9 policemen had been killed by a mob at Cato Manor. The Sharpeville Massacre (also known as the Sharpeville Shootings) is followed ... The prosecution failed to pin a charge of belonging to the SACP. [19], “That picture is so strong it will lead to more riots and perhaps many deaths if it goes into Cato Manor tonight. predicting that it would bring catastrophe to both the SACP and ANC. The Cato Manor police killings were a prelude to the Sharpeville Massacre, still commemorated annually as Human Rights Day on 21 March. Field marshal JC Smuts wrote the preamble of the UN’s charter. 31st March 1960. ot Archives S t"" GREENWOOD, LEFLORE COUNTY. It was a conflict between “new” legislation and indigenous law. Cato Manor, hidden and neglected, was notorious for its squalor and its inflammability.”. Human Rights Day in South Africa Date in the current year: March 21, 2021 Human Rights Day is observed across the world on December 10. underground in 1965, one of the first things he did was to re-establish links legal fight for the release of Anderson Ganyile and (It was only later as a student majoring in Social Anthropology that I became aware of the importance of beer in Zulu culture.) Dogs – both police and local – barking, children crying, people singing, the stamping of feet and chanting, toy-toying, sirens of ambulances and fire brigades and police choppers hovering ahead, and the police commander must be cognitive, he must be wide awake even after a long shift, he must take in everything and decide when is the right moment to take counter action within the realm of the law! I do agree with Geoff although discrimination and segregation in South Africa didn’t help; especially on sympathy and finance. To the local resident Cato Manor was known as Mkhumbane. People campaign, the anti-pass protests of 1956, 1957 and 1958, and the Cato Manor riots in 1959. Som möjliga förklaringar till eldgivningen har bland annat givits att poliserna som var inblandade var nervösa då nio poliser hade dödats under liknande omständigheter i Cato Manor utanför Durban två månader tidigare samt att polisstyrkan i Sharpeville inte hade någon som helst utbildning i att hantera kravaller. Sharpeville human rights Precinct - Sharpeville Memorial. Found inside – Page 74While nothing can justify the killing of police at Cato Manor, that incident ... is the inflicting of great slaughter or massacre upon a particular crowd of ... The primary subject in question was the handling of South African Indians, a great cause of divergence between South Africa and India.” –http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid (Accessed 18th of March 2015). Durban had its own municipal telephone exchange and its own municipal power station – they were a lot of independent fellows if you asked me. committee with Pretoria. They were reluctant to admit the presence of gangsterism and tension between Africans and Indians. From my personal viewpoint regarding riots: Not everything is apartheid’s fault. In 1954, the Group Areas Board urged that Cato Manor be proclaimed as a White group area. After implementation of the Group Areas Act, the entire population of the area was uprooted and relocated to the townships of KwaMashu, Umlazi and Chatsworth. district of Durban on 1 October 1960 and subsequently could not represent his All rights reserved, Please visit the official Government information portal for Coronavirus by clicking HERE. 1960: Nine policemen were killed by a mob in the Emergency Camp. Later Steve Biko was a student at the medical faculty. In days of old it was not uncommon for some Durbanites to ask a policeman to call at the backdoor! Cato Manor: a history of oppression, riots and now hope. violent course. “Cato Manor is situated about five kilometers from the centre of Durban, South Africa. 25 Aug 2016. The crowd at the Union Buildings on August 9 1956. was able to convince them otherwise and dissuade them from embarking on a Ngidi picked up that there was a clear understanding between the gays and the rest of the community. It also created 40,000 Indian refugees, followed by a wave of suicides among Indians, as a result of the disintegration of their families, economic failure, stress, humiliation and racist discrimination. The Cato Manor police killings were a prelude to the Sharpeville Massacre, still commemorated annually as Human Rights Day on 21 March. Found inside1960 brought the murder of nine policemen in the Cato Manor settlement behind the University of Natal, the Sharpeville massacre and the state of emergency. 60 Iconic Women — The people behind the 1956 Women’s March to Pretoria (11-20) Supplement. And the squalor. In this regard many a sympathetic policeman experienced this difficult situation of inner conflict between his duty and his conscience. “Soon there will be nobody left to tell them,” he said this week, before delivering the 2020 Dr Killie Campbell Lecture on the killings and what followed them. Standard police practice was to set off a 12 man patrol in certain areas and then pick them up with their captives later on. My father could speak Zulu fluently and a little of Hindi. He joined the Communist Party in 1938, becoming an organizer for the Nasser’s announcement came about following months of mounting political tensions between Egypt, Britain, and France. The police commander said: ‘We’ll issue a third and final warning to disperse, then if nothing happens we’ll count down from 30 and then make the charge, so be ready with that camera. 1997 The Dairat Labguer massacre in Algeria; 50 people are killed; 1998 Stanley Cup Final, MCI Center, Washington, D.C.: Detroit Red Wings go back-to-back, defeating debutant finalists Washington Capitals, 4-1 for a 4-0 series sweep Durban - Cato Manor is famous for the race riots of 1949 and the women-led beer hall protests a decade later. Ngidi, who is a history lecturer at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, said interviewees spoke nostalgically of Cato Manor as a peaceful and viable community. Locality But events have a context and 1960 was a time of relentless and premonitory turbulence. The police responded violently, killing 69 people and wounding 180. Police reports in 1960 claimed that young and inexperienced police officers panicked and opened fire spontaneously, setting off a chain reaction that lasted about forty seconds. From “Cato Manor was the key to the problem. The police in turn tried to destroy the illegal shebeens”[14]  writes Tyson. On the other side we found “free enterprise” - the traditional Zulu brewers. Among the same crowded Cato Manor shanties, police made arrests for illicit possession of liquor, and on 24 January 1960 the umpteenth riot broke out. Too many challenges. (There is also a Cato Creek). Johnsonfrom the London Review of Books, [online], Available at www.lrb.co.uk [Accessed on 4 November 2011]. If I am influenced by external factors or by my upbringing, I beg your indulgence. In the last of those, I discussed the “Sharpeville massacre” of 1960, which killed 69 unarmed African rioters charging police (out of 5-7,000 rioters present.) Inland (generally westwards) from Maydon Wharf you would find Port Natal Primary School and behind the school was Port Natal Hoërskool on the ridge was the Natal University – most prominent were Howard College and the Memorial Tower Building. Found inside – Page 246On 21 March 1960 , police of apartheid South Africa killed 67 and wounded 186 ... response to the killings at Cato Manor , occurring just weeks afterwards . This oral historian was seven years of … In 1971, Arenstein remained struck off the The first phase of the campaign was targeted at the pass laws, the most reviled of all the apartheid laws. Bloomfield’s photographs were hugely dramatic and seemed to have captured the very essence of conflict, tension and police violence. Bloomfield says there were about 30 policemen facing a large crowd of angry Zulu women and youths. They lost siblings in the dreadful concentration camps. Transcriptions of documents relating to the civil rights struggle of Indians in South Africa from 1860-1982. The Cato Manor killings undoubtedly made policemen edgy when they were surrounded by black people, as they were at Sharpeville on the fateful day of March 21 1960. The spokesperson forgot to mention that here in South Africa we seem to have quite a lot of massacres in our short history. He quotes researchers as saying: It was the women who led the rioting in Cato Manor in January 1960. What would I need in order to get such a record on film? Various factors were at play. There was a lot of money around. We had to wait at least another decade for a public relations division and two decades before we used “Stratkom”. The US however, had its own problems after the Korean conflict; the Cold War with its “iron curtain”, the divided Berlin, racial segregation in America, the ku klux klan and Vietnam. stronghold of Taylor’s Halt was chosen as a venue. In the hollow behind the university you would find Cato Manor – named after Durban’s first Mayor George Cato. Zulu women, like all Nguni womenfolk, were able beer brewers. (check out Banshee Bridge massacre as well..) What a country we live in! Their job which they had practised since time immemorial was “criminalised”. Yes, when they came on duty, like thousands of policemen before then and like the police is still doing today. Empty shell cases found in the rooms today indicate the desperate battle the policemen put up until their ammunition ran out. Nine policemen were dead! It is no easy task; no amount of academic knowledge helps you, its experience that counts when you are confronted by a dangerous hostile mob! Commissioner’s Court, the administrative experience being thought useful to It was every man for himself after the white constables had emptied their revolvers into the mob. Equally dramatic events occurred in Cato Manor near Durban. November 2011].[6]. I have served as a youngster and I have served as a commander who gave orders. The Sharpeville Massacre was an event which occurred on 21 March 1960, at the police station in the South African township of Sharpeville in Transvaal (today part of Gauteng).. After a day of demonstrations against the Pass laws, a crowd of about 5,000 to 7,000 black African protesters went to the police station.The South African Police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 people. Or did we? Ngidi feels there is not much time left to hear first-hand stories of those times. Some came half-dressed with their breasts exposed, and when they got near this place the Blackjacks (municipal police) tried to block the women. In January this year – 60 years after the incident – they were exhumed from their pauper’s graves and brought back home for respectable ceremonies. Years later I was District Commissioner of Police in Welkom and met Oom Gys Muller at a Civic Reception for Mayors all over South Africa in Welkom. He was standing on a hillside in the light of the setting sun as a thin line of policemen, afraid but angry at the slaughter of their colleagues, advanced on a crowd. quoted by Tyson. India became South Africa’s first enemy at the “new” United Nations. René de Villiers felt it was too emotionally explosive to publish the dramatic picture in the heat of a riot. In 1976 this fact exploded in our faces and once again the “poor” police bore the brunt of the people’s anger! In 1960 with the Pondoland insurrection 300 buildings were destroyed and 2000 structures were damaged. The locals said it was the spirits who called for the innocent policeman’s blood! “You didn’t mess with them – their marriages, their ceremonies, and lots of things happening in Esinyameni – or you could end up being hit (by the gays).”. A bunch of 100 bananas then cost 5/- that is 60 cents! On the other side we found “free enterprise” – the traditional Zulu brewers. Those were the days! The real cause of trouble in Cato Manor included all the worst aspects of apartheid: unresolved tensions arising out of poverty; insecurity of tenure; official harassment. I have found that humour can defuse a situation, but then we are not clowns but enforcers. His wife, Jacqueline Arenstein, a journalist, was a defendant in the 1956 It is an area rich in cultural and political heritage.It was named after Durban’s first mayor, George Christopher Cato. The tragic outcome of this Sharpeville Massacre convinced many anti-apartheid leaders, especially in the African National Congress, that peaceful opposition would not succeed. Picture this: Durban had its own police force, the Durban City Police a former borough police dating back to the Colonial era. We did not see him often. They cracked five or six heads, but mainly whacked the fleeing women on the buttocks, and the whole crowd turned and ran. For the first time in our history, and so far the last time in our history, nine members of the police force were to die! More lives could have been saved if we did more honest introspection. O N 24 January 1960, Durban was the site of a portent. An apartheid notice on a beach near Capetown, denoting the area for whites only. [5] My father had an complaint against a certain member of the Buthelezi-clan and my father wrote to Dr Mangosuthu Buthelezi who in his reply mentioned he remembered my father from Durban and the contact they had while Buthelezi was attached to Commissioner’s Court in Stanger Street, Durban – HBH. The police in turn tried to destroy the illegal shebeens”. the future chief. In Durban, occupations such as Marikana in Cato Crest and eNkanini in nearby Cato Manor have successfully occupied and held land. (1991). To prove their case, it was ironic that the police in the absence of a official police photographer asked a journalist to take photographs. The proud Zulu’s became urbanised. Both the fighting and the aftermath can be frightening experiences! In 1970, Arenstein emerged from jail to I am unable to find contemporary newspaper reports of that detail, because in 1960, you … With urbanisation we found that many Zulu tribesmen who were husbands loosened their tribal bonds and instead became townsmen. They apprehended him and killed the poor unfortunate policeman. Sharpeville was the massacre where white police fired on a mob of Africans; Cato Manor was where they didn't. Here their existence became 'a slow torture of the soul', a kind of social death. This is the first study of an important but hitherto neglected group of opponents of apartheid, set in a global, historical and comparative perspective. We eavesdropped on our parents and their guests. (It was only later as a student majoring in Social Anthropology that I became aware of the importance of beer in Zulu culture.) As a lawyer, he was well-known to most policemen in Durban. Never show fear! It also features an original soundtrack of 1950s-style jazz music composed by Sazi Dlamini and performed by the uMkhumbane All Stars. Cato Manor was about 5 miles or 8 km away from the city centre. The contributors to this volume draw on a broad range of experience and disciplines to present a variety of perspectives on urban South Africa. So this is here where I come from and where I stand and see the mountain which I am trying to describe from my vantage point. As far as I could see, Cato Manor was even then a keg full of explosives – waiting for the right catalyst to explode at any minute. Bloomfield snapped his picture as a policeman raised a baton high before bringing it down on someone in the crowd. So this is here where I come from and where I stand and see the mountain which I am trying to describe from my vantage point. Nearby a group of traditional beer-drinkers were sitting under a tree enjoying their “sun downer” when a policeman rushed by. South Africa was then the Union of South Africa and part of the British Commonwealth. Their job which they had practised since time immemorial was “criminalised”. Cato Manor “was named after …, George Christopher Cato. the Congress of Democrats (COD). In it, Mandela referenced Cato Manor and Sharpeville. African National Congress (ANC) activities and had come to work at the Durban While some of the police were buried locally and others in their home towns, the bodies of their attackers were buried by the state after their executions. Many brewers, in order to survive, became police or detective’s informers of murder, robbery, stolen property and drugs etc. Armed police arrest an entire household in a pre-dawn swoop on the Shumville section of Cato Manor, a suburb of Durban,South Africa, Jan. 26, 1960. “Forced removals from Cato Manor to KwaMashu – perspectives from the ground: a study based on oral history”, Workshop on Mzala Nxumalo, Mzala Nxumalo Centre, Pietermaritzburg, 26 February 2016. They and their families, who had traditionally always brewed beer at home, tried to bum down the official beer halls. Cato Manor in Durban exploded into violence shortly before Sharpeville in response to police launched raids on illicit liquor brewers. They died a horrible death! In 1960, the church moved to Brown Street in Wylie. At the first UN gathering in 1946, South Africa was placed on the program. The shooting that sparked the massacre happened due to nervousness of the police as a few weeks’ earlier nine policemen had been killed by a mob ‘…like a Roman mob’ at Cato Manor, a small township outside Durban. Durban still had a few proper English speaking police officers. In 1960 there was the shooting at Sharpeville, which resulted in the proclamation of a state of emergency and the declaration of the ANC as an unlawful organization. Unlawful Organization Act. When the chieftaincy of the Buthelezi clan In response, Africans started looting Indian shops, residences and businesses, and in consequence Indian landowners lost their properties to African shack lords and traders. The two fiercest groups of fighters I have experienced are mineworkers fighting their faction fights on the Free State gold mines and the Zulu’s. “Five African and four white policemen’s faces could not be identified, they were so badly attacked using stones and pangas,” said Ngidi. It was every man for himself after the white constables had emptied their revolvers into the mob. In commemoration of Human Rights Day and the Sharpeville Massacre which saw close to 70 people losing their lives at the hands of the state, Durban Local History Museums is inviting members of the public to participate in a Human Rights Day seminar taking place next Thursday, the 14th March. They were on standby at their station. Yes, when they came on duty, like thousands of policemen before then and like the police is still doing today. was offered to him, Rowley helped Buthelezi defeat an early challenge to his But we were far too busy with our 24-7-365-job! Just prior to the Sharpeville affair, South African police had been slaughtered in a similar protest at Cato Manor. The. 25 Aug 2016. I then knew about the “Torch Commando” of ex-servicemen under the leadership of “Sailor” Malan. We read the English newspapers and the weekly Afrikaans newspaper “Die Nataller”. We as police actually not only have to face the hostile mob, but when things have cooled down, we have to face: Inquests, Enquiries, Commissions and Judges like Judge Goldstone. It was just a question of time. The Road to Democracy in South Africa Volume 1 (1960 – Cato Manor was the official name of an area that become home to a vibrant, informal settlement just outside Durban. Both Marcus Porcius Catō Uticēnsis coincidentally was a famous Roman politician, also known as Cato the younger or Cato Minor. With urbanisation we found that many Zulu tribesmen who were husbands loosened their tribal bonds and instead became townsmen. It was just a question of time. The “Granite” Dr Verwoerd was hated by the English press and working class English speaking people in Durban. Patrick Laurence on the circumstances that triggered the notorious massacre of March 21 1960. Never did they think for one moment that they would become “famous” in their death. In 1947, he withdrew from active politics in order And yes, I did join the Police Force, with open eyes against the wishes of my parents. 21st March 1960. Found inside – Page 159... passes for women in 1958, violent protests in Cato Manor near Durban in 1959, and the PAC's national campaign against the pass laws in the early 1960s. We picked up titbits here and there – yes the Afrikaner was moving “forward” but on the other side of the scale; the clouds of war and revolutions was on the horizon. Found inside – Page 380In 1960, the Sharpeville Massacre occurred, in which sixty-nine people were ... the musical focused on the forced removal of black people from Cato Manor. Found inside – Page 8... Cato Manor , Durban , June Pan - Africanist Congress ( PAC ) founded Gender Polarization / Asymmetry , 1960–1975 1960 The Sharpeville Massacre State of ... Cato Manor was not far from the Durban harbour, not far from Maydon Wharf and not far from the factories and industry. Tyson concludes: “Few of us were convinced by this but we accepted his view.”[20], At that stage my father was a policeman at Somtsue Rd in Durban. SADET, (2004). Arenstein He also told me that “Kwa-Ticky” was a place where you paid 3d (21/2 cents) per night for a bed. The Medical Faculty of Natal University had their offices and lectures rooms right in front of our school in Umiblo Rd – south from the then King Edward VIII Hospital. The primary subject in question was the handling of South African Indians, a great cause of divergence between South Africa and India.” -, Donations - Foundation for Equality before the Law, Membership Application - Foundation for Equality before the Law, History of the Former South African Police. Standard police practice was to set off a 12 man patrol in certain areas and then pick them up with their captives later on. Found inside – Page 80Shortly after the shootings in 1960, Ambrose Reeves who was the bishop of ... Reeves proceeds to trace the disturbances at Cato Manor outside Durban when ... All hell broke loose and the police started firing. The riots resulted in the massacre of mostly Indians in which 142 people died and 1087 people were injured. Durban and District branch. In the years following 1960 the PAC commemorated March 21st as Sharpeville Day, while survivors held night vigils to mourn the dead. Browse 17,727 south africa apartheid stock photos and images available, or search for apartheid sign or nelson mandela to find more great stock photos and pictures. 1960 Cato Manor massacre: Nine to the grave, nine to the gallows. political offences. Cato Manor in Durban once attracted attention from around the world because it was where rioting broke out in 1959 in protest against the city's beerhalls and the looming prospect of mass forced removals in which the residents would be uprooted from their homes in terms of the notorious Group Areas Act, and resettled in townships. was soon set up). More than 125 000 people lived in the 4 500-acre shantytown. Arenstein died in 1996. At first I attended Stella Park Primary School, in fact an English school with a few Afrikaans classrooms. Footnote 62 The most extensive, sustained, and well-organised rural revolt took place in Pondoland and neighbouring Tembuland in the Eastern Cape between 1960 and 1963. [1] “The world did not, however, condone South Africa’s discriminatory policies. To the local resident Cato Manor was known as Mkhumbane. The particular photograph appeared on the front page of every Argus newspaper and almost every other newspaper on earth which had access to Associated Press but with one exception: Bloomfield’s own paper, the Daily News.[18]. Read more about the place and Todd Matshikiza’s 1960 musical of the same name here at Electric Jive. It is just here were a problem arose between the police – enforcers of an unsympathetic law and the brewers who ran their own shebeens and sold liquor to survive. My father’s actions made that I came from the wrong side of the Afrikaner ‘cultural railway tracks’. I was the only “white” at the station. He was also a In 1961, he led the With the threats of removal under the Group Areas Act and day and night policing of beer-brewing, that was the mainstay of the community’s economy, it took a small incident to prompt people to form an angry mob to attack the nine cops seeking shelter in a house. Cato Manor became recognised when Black Africans came to settle in during the 1920s, and rented land from Indian landlords who were there since the early 20th century. The Egyptian leader, in turn, resented what he saw as European efforts to perpetuate their colonial domination.https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/suez. Later Steve Biko was a student at the medical faculty. These works reveal the plight of non-whites in apartheid South Africa, laying bare the lives of the poor and the outcasts who filled the ghettoes and shantytowns. (Accessed 19th of March 2015). In summary: Lawyer, banned Years later I was District Commissioner of Police in Welkom and met Oom Gys Muller at a Civic Reception for Mayors all over South Africa in Welkom. This riot shocked South Africa! Compensation to those who were husbands loosened their tribal bonds and instead became townsmen in! Some well-intentioned, well-drilled police who refrained from using fire-arms the best sounding is... 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